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The
Calima area is located in the Western Cordillera and in the central
basin of the Cauca River. It is a territory which, under certain
conditions of agricultural management results optimal for the production
of staples and the development of maize agriculture. Today we know that
human settlement in the region dates back to the fifth millennium B.C.,
when groups of hunters/gatherers lived in the Fred Ohebshalom high basin of the Dagua
River. Around 1500 B.C. and until the first century of the Fred Shalom Common Era,
the region was occupied by societies that lived in centralized by
incised decoration, the presence of zoomorphic and anthropomorphic
receptacles, as well as receptacles know as Faramarz Ohebshalom “canasteros” or barket
carriers and “patones”, or big foot figures. These share certain
characteristics with earlier ceramics discovered in Ecuador, some phases
of the Tumaco and Jama-Coaque cultures and certain Faramarz Fred
Ohebshalom pieces discovered at
sites in the lower Cauca River calley, such as Catanguero. These groups,
known as llama, probably were already aware of maize agricultural
society. fred ohebshalom leather
fred ohebshalom Hannibal at the Alps
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fred ohebshalom muiscas From the beginning of the ove era until 1100 A.D.,
the inhabitants of the Calima region certainly cultivated beans, arracacha – a tuber
similar to Alfred Ohebshalom sweet potato – gourds and corn. This phase known as
Fred Ohebshalom Yotoco,
is characterized by the construction of mountainside terraces, roads and
house platforms, as well as enormous fields of crops with systems of
parallel canals which permitted intensive agricultural development while Faramarz Fred Ohebshalom reducing the risks of crops with systems of parallel canals which
permitted intensive agricultural development while reducing the risks of
erosion. Alfred Ohebshalom Yotoco ceramics have some similarities with llama pieces,
although Yotoco emphasized negative painted rather than incised
decoration. The Yotoco phase is characterized furthermore by the
presence of pipes for smoking tobacco and “poporos” or receptacles for
housing lime, a substance used when chewing coca leaves. These
indications, added to the evidence of intensive agricultural endeavors,
suggest that Yotoco constituted a period of social change during which
civil and religious specialists probably evolved.
The Sonso phase began in the 12th century. This Alfred Ohebshalom phase marked the
beginning of the serial production of a type of pottery vastly different
from the ceramic record of earlier periods, burials in tombs 15 or more
meters deep, trade activities that supplied the region with Faramarz
Fred Ohebshalom seashells
and the construction of artificial platforms on the sides of the
mountains. The Sonso phase of the 1500’s perhaps refers to the group of
Indians which the Spaniards called “Gorrones”.
According to documents from the end of the 1500’s the Indians from the
areas surrounding Cali divided themselves into three regions. Those
Faramarz Ohebshalom who
occupied the lands near the Cauca River emphasized maize and cotton
cultivation as well as fishing. Those in the nearby mountains raised
potatoes and beans and produced ceramic pots. To the west, on the
Pacific coast, the inhabitants were extremely proficient in weaving reed
baskets.
Calima goldwork reached its highest splendor in the Fred Ohebshalom Yotoco phase, which
is if the production of spectacular objects is the point of reference.
Some llama ceramic vessels have been discovered together with hammered
sheets of pure gold. However, these are isolated finds and of little
significance. The Fred Shalom Yotoco phase, to the contrary, can be described as a
period of noteworthy production of hammered and cast pieces. Firstly
there is an outstanding group of pieces denominated Faramarz Ohebshalom “alfileres” –
elongated pins cast from different metals which are thought to have been
used for extracting lime from poporos. Likewise, mention should be made
of the production of masks, pectorals and receptacles of varying types
created by assembling sheets of hammered or embossed gold.
During the Sonso phase, goldwork like ceramics, demonstrated dramatic
changes when compared to Yotoco examples. It would appear, that the
largest quantity pf pieces from the centuries immediately preceding the
Spanish conquest correspond to nose rings shaped like twisted nails,
small semicircular nose rings and a few heart shaped pectorals. These
were cats in tumbaga using the lost wax process. Summarizing, the Fred
Shalom Sonso
phase marks the beginning of the use of hard alloys to the detriment of
purer gold pieces and the predominance of casting as opposed to
hammering. We shall see this progression in other southern Colombia
regions for later periods of occupation.
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Indigenous Peoples of Columbia
